“I couldn’t imagine the scale until I saw it with my own eyes,” reports Einat Couzin-Fuchs. When a plague of locusts broke out in Kenya four years ago, she and her team were in the field:

“Some areas were just fully infested, with only toxic plants left behind after the locusts had moved through.”

Einat Couzin-Fuchs, Principal Investigator at the University of Konstanz's Cluster of Excellence Collective Behaviour

Back at their workplace, the University of Konstanz, they planned experiments and models based on the data collected in the field. Their mission: to unravel the mysteries of locust plagues, a global threat that affects one in ten people on the planet. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that a swarm of one billion locusts devours around 1,500 tons of food in a single day, equivalent to the daily food needs of 2,500 people. These staggering figures highlight the urgency and importance of their research.

Substantial differences between solitary and gregarious animals

It is important to note that locusts are not always swarming. Locusts are grasshoppers that can switch between a solitary (living alone) and gregarious (living in a swarm) state within a few hours. This change of state has a large impact on behaviour, development, physiology and reproduction. Changes are also exhibited in the nervous system and body colour, which changes from camouflage green to a striking yellow-black.

Solitary and gregarious locust

© Inga Petelski

“This extreme change in lifestyle impacts how animals search for food as well as the availability of information animals have at their disposal when foraging”, says doctoral student Inga Petelski. Therefore, she conducted behavioural experiments to monitor foraging decisions in the lab by exposing solitary and gregarious animals. Food choices could be perceived either visually or olfactorily or in combination. Her colleague Yannick Günzel uses the data obtained to develop a decision-making model.

“Based on the behavioural experiments and the decision-making model, we found that the sense of smell is extremely important in gregarious animals when searching for food.”

Yannick Günzel, doctoral student at the Cluster of Excellence Collective Behaviour

Key in the olfactory system of animals

Therefore, the research team knew that a central key lies in the olfactory system. Consequently, they took a closer look at the area of the brain responsible for smell processing using an in vivo calcium imaging technique. This procedure visualizes information processing across entire regions of the brain.
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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Sw8IQhzx-T8

Confocal scan throughout a locust’s right antennal lobe with an anatomical backfill staining of projection neurons (antennal lobe output neurons). The video starts at the surface of the antennal lobe, clearly showing individual cell bodies. Deeper in the antennal lobe, microglomeruli (functional units of the antennal lobe) become apparent, with projection neuron axons leaving the antennal lobe through the medial tract. The antennal nerve enters the antennal lobe from the left. Image coordinates: right, medial; top, dorsal.

The apparent result:

“If you pair food and grasshopper scent, you get a synergistic effect: the brain activity is significantly more pronounced than you would expect from pure addition. We only found this effect in the gregarious grasshopper.”

Inga Petelski, doctoral student at the Cluster of Excellence Collective Behaviour

This means that locusts adapt their sense of smell when they switch to the gregarious lifestyle. Their olfactory system now appears to be specialized to better detect food odours in the swarm’s odour cocktail. Her colleague Yannick Günzel concludes: “This is the reason why food can still be sensibly perceived by locusts in a swarm.”

The interactive graphic shows the processes in the locust's brain. Click on one of the red dots to find out how odor perception works:

Locust brain

“Combining calcium imaging experiments and computational analyses, our team has succeeded in gaining a better understanding of how locusts adapt to new environmental conditions,” says group leader Einat Couzin-Fuchs. “We now have a better mechanistic understanding of the neural changes happening in the transition to swarming.” She is certain that future research and method development will advance our ability to understand, and therefore predict, and manage future outbreaks.

Petelski, I., Günzel, Y., Sayin, S. et al. Synergistic olfactory processing for social plasticity in desert locusts. Nat Commun 15, 5476 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49719-7

Headerimage: Plague of locusts in Kenya. Copyright: Einat Couzin-Fuchs, Cluster of Excellence Collective Behaviour